Hi,
To implement E2E service protection, many HA techniques are used on the IP network. These HA techniques are classified into two types:
1. One is the HA technique of a device that functions as a node of the network, for ensuring normal working of the device. Ex: MPU, SFU, Fans, Power Modules.
2. The other is the HA technique used to protect services against interruption when a link or node on the network fails. Ex: IGP fast convergence, NSR, IP FRR, E-VRRP, BFD, etc.