hi
they are chromatic dispersion, and polarization mode dispersion
Chromatic dispersion
is a phenomenon that is an important factor in fiber optic communications. It is the result of the different colors, or wavelengths arriving at their destination at slightly different times. The result is a spreading, or dispersion, of the on-off light pulses that convey digital information.
PMD Polarizations Mode Dispersion
happens when two polarizations travel down the fiber at the same time , normally travel at the same speed, But when they travel at different speeds due to random imperfections and asymmetries caused by imperfect manufacturing for the optical cable or external stresses
that cause spreading out in time as they travel along the fiber.